Journal: Food Chemistry: X

Article Title: Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.) extracts promote anti-inflammatory and cellular antioxidant activity

doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100437

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-inflammatory activity promoted by elderberry extracts in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, assessed by NO release quantification. Effect of elderberry crude extract, E ( A ); rich-phenolic extract, M ( B ); and non-phenolic extract, H ( C ); from Sabugueiro (So), Sabugueira (Sa) and Bastardeira (Ba) cultivars. Results are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments, each one in quadruplicates), set as % of control (LPS-exposed cells). Significant statistical differences between the control and samples are denoted by an “*”, and between samples at same concentration by an “*” over square brackets, when ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Caco-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma, CLS, Eppelheim, Germany), HepG2 (human hepatoma cell line; ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA) and RAW 264.7 (mouse macrophages, Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced tumor, CLS, Germany) cells were maintained in DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium) containing 25 mM glucose supplemented with 10 % (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Life technologies), 2 mM l -glutamine (Gibco, Life technologies), 100 U/mL penicillin (Life technologies) and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Life technologies) at 37 °C in a normal atmosphere of 5 % CO 2 in air and were handled as described ( ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Control, Concentration Assay

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Formulation of Gamma-Oryzanol Encapsulated Nanoparticles and Their Modulation Effects on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nitric Oxide in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics18030365

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with ORZ-NPs, blank NPs, or ORZ powder at 0–200 μg mL −1 for 48 h, assessed by MTT assay. Cell viability is presented as the percentage of viable cells relative to the untreated, LPS-stimulated control (set as 100% viability). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments ( n = 3). Statistical significance: * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001. Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharide; mL, milliliter; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; n , number; NPs, nanoparticles; ORZ, gamma-oryzanol; ORZ-NPs, gamma oryzanol encapsulated nanoparticles; SD, standard deviation; μg; microgram.

Article Snippet: RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were obtained from CLS Cell Lines Service (Eppelheim, Germany).

Techniques: MTT Assay, Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Formulation of Gamma-Oryzanol Encapsulated Nanoparticles and Their Modulation Effects on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nitric Oxide in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics18030365

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibitory effects of the ORZ-NPs on iNOS protein expression levels and NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells were pre-treated with blank NPs, ORZ-NPs, or ORZ (0–50 µg mL −1 ) for 1 h, followed by LPS stimulation (1 µg mL −1 ) for 24 h. Representative Western blot showing iNOS protein expression levels, with β-actin as a loading control ( A ). Quantification of iNOS protein expressed as fold change relative to the untreated, LPS-treated control. iNOS was normalized to β-actin and derived from three independent experiments ( B ). NO production measured by Griess assay, presented as percentage of the untreated, LPS-stimulated control ( C ). Data are expressed as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Statistical significance: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. Abbreviations: h, hour; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; kDa, kilodalton; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; mL, milliliter; n , number; NO, nitric oxide; NPs, nanoparticles; ORZ, gamma-oryzanol; ORZ-NPs, gamma oryzanol encapsulated nanoparticles; SD, standard deviation; μg, microgram.

Article Snippet: RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were obtained from CLS Cell Lines Service (Eppelheim, Germany).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Derivative Assay, Griess Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Formulation of Gamma-Oryzanol Encapsulated Nanoparticles and Their Modulation Effects on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nitric Oxide in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics18030365

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of the ORZ-NPs on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α ( A ) and IL-6 ( B ) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells were pre-treated with blank-NPs, ORZ-NPs, or ORZ powder (0–50 µg mL −1 ) for 1 h, followed by LPS stimulation (1 µg mL −1 ) for 24 h. Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA assay and are presented as percentages relative to the untreated, LPS-stimulated control. Data are shown as mean ± SD of three independent experiments ( n = 3). Statistical significance: *** p < 0.001. Abbreviations: ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; h, hour; IL-6, interleukin-6; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; mL, milliliter; n , number; NPs, nanoparticles; ORZ, gamma-oryzanol; ORZ-NPs, gamma oryzanol encapsulated nanoparticles; SD, standard deviation; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; μg, microgram.

Article Snippet: RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were obtained from CLS Cell Lines Service (Eppelheim, Germany).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control, Standard Deviation